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由于在薄熙来当权时发表过十余篇批评重庆唱红、黑打的文章和提出了《重庆打黑型社会管理方式研究报告》,我最近先后接受了许多国内外媒体的采访,其中包括中国新华社、《新华月报》,美国《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》,法国《世界报》,英国《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》,日本《朝日新闻》、NHK电视台,等等。在与这些媒体记者交谈的过程中,我感到国外记者虽十分关注重庆相关事件、信息非常充分,但对中国社会和官民各方对事件的反映多感困惑甚至有些误解。我希望借《中国日报》一角,向国外关心中国事务的朋友们谈谈我个人关于重庆相关事件的见解。
所谓重庆相关事件,是重庆原副市长王立军擅入美领馆被免去副市长职务事件、薄谷开来涉嫌谋杀英国商人尼尔.伍德被作为犯罪嫌疑人移送司法机关的案件和原中国中央政治局委员、重庆市委书记薄熙来严重违反党纪被中央停职、交中纪委立案调查之情况的统称。重庆相关事件的核心是薄熙来严重违纪问题,因为,王立军擅入美领馆和薄谷开来转入刑事案件都与薄熙来的职位、职权有密切关系,都是薄不恰当地运用这些公共资源造成的后果。
重庆相关事件的发生不是偶然的,从体制上看,它们是中国地方行政区域权力过分集中于党委书记个人的结果。这种结果虽不是必然的,但却包含着较高的形成机率。现在地方上的党委书记,不论是省级还是市县级行政区域的党委书记,客观上差不多享有历史上节度使、总督般的地位和权力,尤其当其具有上一级行政区域党委核心成员地位或中共中央政治局委员身份的时候。之所以会如此,有两个原因:1.地方各级党委书记与地方行政首长形式上平级,但实践中前者几乎制度化地成了后者的上级,至于地方党委书记与司法机关的关系,则不仅党委书记本人是法院院长、检察院检察长事实上的上司,甚至地方党委下属的政法委的书记,都成了法院院长、检察院检察长的上级领导人。2.从中央与地方关系的角度看,中央实行集体领导,对省级地方的监督控制力较弱,且省级地方的当权者可以利用司法上的两审终审制把几乎所有“敏感”案件都“消化”在地方。
重庆相关事件的发生与薄熙来个人特质也有很大关系。薄有特殊的家庭背景,私心较重、权力欲超强、作风霸道,习惯于独断专行、颐指气使。薄在成为政治局委员兼地方大员后,他唯我独尊的霸道性格和超强权力欲等因素结合在一起,形成了一种促使他在经济政治和意识形态领域疯狂折腾的动力。
在中国当今特定的社会历史条件下,地方上权力过分集中于党委书记个人的体制性弊病与薄熙来有重大缺陷的个人特质结合在一起,就造就了最近几年人们看到的薄熙来这个目无法纪、胡作非为、不断折腾的“西南王”。薄熙来对王立军事件和他的亲属以及身边工作人员涉嫌刑事犯罪负有不可推卸的领导责任和连带责任,对党纪构成严重的违反。薄的行为给中国和中共的事业造成了很大损失,也严重损害了中国和中共的国际形象。
中共中央决定停止薄熙来职务、对其进行立案调查,符合中国人民的利益、符合中共全党的利益、符合改革和发展的利益,非常及时、非常必要。
今天,我看到《重庆日报》上有这样一句话:中央继调整重庆市委主要负责人之后,又决定对薄熙来严重违纪问题立案调查、对尼尔·伍德被杀案犯罪嫌疑人移送司法机关,“这是党之大幸、国之大幸、重庆之大幸,深得党心、顺乎民心。”我完全赞成这一看法。此举既充分反映了中共在反腐倡廉方面的坚强决心和立党为公理念,也符合中国社会各阶层人民的期待。
前几天我接受法国《世界报》记者采访时已谈到,中共中央此举在中共党内和中国各阶层人民中不仅获得普遍支持,而且支持率极高。也许有人会说,你没有在全国做调查统计,何以做出上述结论?我要说,我们生活在社会中,有家人、亲戚、朋友、邻里,有历来的同学、同事、师长和学生,还有在生活和工作中常常有意见交流的其他人群,大家反对、讨厌谁,支持、认同谁,都不是秘密,相互之间十分清楚。老实说,在我认识、交往和接触的广大的人群中,我迄今为止还极少听说有哪一位不支持不认同对薄熙来停职和进行立案调查的,严格地说,不是完全没有,但只不过1-2%。这方面可能有一些地区差异。确实,我在互联网上倒是不时能看到几个或明或暗质疑对簿停职和进行调查的合理性、正当性的微博,这很正常,因为人群的认识有多样性,不同意见的公民都有言论自由。
有的国外媒体记者问我:如果不是王立军向美领馆披露了情况和有关证据,薄熙来妻子这样的社会上层人士涉嫌犯罪在中国会被追究刑事责任吗?我得说,各地上层人士有犯罪嫌疑因种种原因成功逃脱了刑事追究的少数情况在我国不能说完全没有,这种情况在其他任何国家也都不可能完全不存在。在中国,除非没有被发现,凡被人发现的明显犯罪行为或线索,尤其是其中引起了中央领导层关注的犯罪行为,一定会依法受到追究,这与国外是否有机构和人员知情没有关系。法律面前人人平等。薄谷开来涉嫌故意杀人犯罪,毫无疑问必须依法追究其刑事责任,但她的合法诉讼权利应得到充分保障。我们是一个建设中的法治国家,办任何案子,侦、检、审都必须严格依法办事,包括法院依法公开审理和被告依法获得充分辩护。
在与国外媒体的交往中,我发现许多记者把重庆相关事件理解为权力斗争。这是一个很大的误解。中国主流社会和健康力量与薄熙来等人的斗争,涉及中国普通百姓的广泛现实利益,所以,双方有斗争是事实,但这不是权力斗争,而是应前进还是应倒退、法治还是人治、民主还是个人专制、民本还是民粹的斗争。这场斗争及其结果,会影响中国每一个人、每一个家庭的实际生活状况。回顾过去几年的历史,人们已经能够看得很清楚,薄熙来及其追随者一直在走的,是一条向文革极左年代倒退的路,他们崇尚和推行的是人治、个人专制,所使用的方法和手段是民粹。民主、法治和民本与民粹的根本区别是,前者主张依法平等保障每一个人的合法权利,而后者热衷于离开法律的规定和平等保护精神迎合“多数人”的感觉,不惜牺牲“少数人”的合法权利。
我想,国外记者和相当一部分海外华人之所以倾向于把重庆相关事件看成权力斗争及其结果,有其可以理解的多方面原因。但其中最基本的原因,是他们远离中国普通国民的实际生活,往往只是以旁观者的身份和看戏的态度对待中国政治领域发生事件。所以,他们的观感往往与中国民众的感受很不相同。
国外记者往往对重庆相关事件还有一种不理解的地方,那就是:重庆的事态发展早已不正常,为什么不更早地加以制止?任何事情的发展都有一个过程。重庆是一个有三千多万人口的直辖市,为了那里的发展稳定,不能一出现问题马上就更换当地主要领导人。此外,中央不立即更换地方主要领导人,也是要给其以自我纠错的机会。很多已经披露的信息表明,对重庆相关事件发生前已经显现的不健康倾向,中央实际上是有所监督和做过明显警示的,这点至少从温家宝总理的公开言论中可以清楚地看出来。
毫无疑问,重庆相关事件是中国社会必须记取的一大教训。要完全避免再发生类似事件,中国必须走全面深化改革的路,尤其要尽快推进政治体制改革。这些改革应该从制度上解决好以下问题:在政治资源配置方面引入市场机制,包括实行人大代表和各级政治领导人直接的、竞争性的选举;建设独立和有权威的、有公信力的司法体制;建立行之有效的反贪廉政机制;有效缩小社会的贫富差距,形成全民受益的社会保障体制。
中国的全面改革、尤其是其中的政治体制改革,在过去相当长一个时期内受到了来自极左方面的阻扰和干扰。严格依法处置以薄熙来严重违纪为标志的重庆相关事件,将有利于中国消除改革道路上的极左障碍,启动包括司法体制在内的政治体制改革。我相信,中央严格依法处置重庆相关事件,是中国政治发展和民主法治进步的一个里程碑。
Legal progress for all to see
Updated: 2012-04-19 08:14
By Tong Zhiwei (China Daily)
Party‘s handling of Chongqing incident shows it is determined to fight corruption and push forward reform After the so-called Chongqing incident, many media outlets, including the New York Times and the Financial Times, to name only a few, interviewed me. During such interviews with foreign media I found there were misunderstandings about the incident, which I think should be clarified.
The Chongqing incident refers to a series of happenings including Wang Lijun’s unauthorized stay in the US consulate in Chengdu, the investigation of Bo Xilai‘s disciplinary violations and his wife’s suspected involvement in the death of Neil Heywood, a British citizen. The key part of the incident, without doubt, is Bo‘s disciplinary violations, both the other incidents have arisen from his improper use of public power and resources.
As Party chief of Chongqing municipality and a leader of Wang Lijun, Bo has to take the responsibility for Wang’s visit to the US consulate. As husband of a woman who is a suspect in a criminal case, Bo should be questioned as part of the investigation according to the law.
Both incidents have reflected badly on China and the Party. Therefore I think it is a wise decision for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to suspend Bo and investigate further. That‘s not only in accordance with the Party’s, and the Chinese people‘s interests, but also with reform and development.
This demonstrates the CPC’s determination to fight against corruption, something wholeheartedly supported by the people.
There are no detailed nationwide statistics, but I, like everyone, live in a connected society: I have my family, relatives, colleagues, students, teachers, and all kinds of groups to exchange opinions with, and there was almost universal support among them for investigating Bo.
Some netizens have questioned the CPC‘s intention in investigating Bo, but they belong to the absolute minority and everyone has the freedom to express his or her opinions in China.
During my interviews with foreign media, I found that many reporters were interpreting what happened in Chongqing as a power struggle. That is a misreading of the situation. Maybe there is struggle between the mainstream society and corruption, but that’s nothing to do with power - don‘t forget that Bo’s wife Gu is facing a criminal charge.
One reporter asked, whether Bo‘s wife would have been investigated if Wang Lijun had not stayed in the US consulate. While China cannot guarantee that every criminal case will be solved - no country in the world can - once the police were informed they responded quickly and efficiently, proving everybody is equal before the law, whatever his or her position.
The reason why the reporter, like many of his colleagues, described the Chongqing incident as a power struggle, is because the lives of these Western journalists are far removed from those of the Chinese people. As journalists they are seeking a dramatic story, when they look at the Chongqing incident they tend to view it as a climax to a movie. This view is not shared by residents who are participants in social affairs.
In some sense, the Chongqing incident has taught us a lesson, that China must further propel reform, especially in political terms, in order to prevent anything similar from happening again.
The reforms should include at least the following: introducing a market-like mechanism into political resources, and holding competitive elections for deputies to the local people’s congresses and for leaders at various local departments and levels; consolidating an independent and trustworthy judicial system; taking more effective anti-corruption measures; preventing the wealth gap from further widening and establishing a wide-covering social safety net.
The ongoing investigation of Bo‘s case has shown the CPC’s determination to implement the rule of law, and push forward reform. So we are confident that the Chongqing incident will be recorded as a milestone in China‘s political progress.
The author is a professor of law from East China University of Political Science and Law.